Mar 25, · Jean Bodin (/30–) was a lawyer, economist, natural philosopher, historian, and one of the major political theorists of the sixteenth century Revista sobre bons hábitos e cuidados para a sua saúde CoNLL17 Skipgram Terms - Free ebook download as Text File .txt), PDF File .pdf) or read book online for free
Jean Bodin (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
There are two reasons why Bodin remains both fascinating and enigmatic: on the one hand, aspects of his life remain shrouded in legend; on the other, misunderstandings about his thought and political positions have engendered contradictions and discrepancies amongst historians which have been attributed mistakenly to Bodin himself. His most significant work, The Six Books of the Commonwealth Les Six livres de la République, represents the sum total of legal and political thought of the French Renaissance.
Finally, his work — if he was genuinely really the author — Colloquium of the Seven about Secrets of the Sublime Colloquium Heptaplomeres de rerum sublimium arcanis abditis, which was published posthumously, provides clues about his own religious views, cura dissertation research grant.
These abbreviations are defined in the first two subsections of the Bibliography. For example, Methodus will refer to the original work in Latin Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionemwhile [Re] will refer to the B. Reynolds translation of Methodus into English and [Me] will refer to the P.
Bodin studied in his hometown and while still young, cura dissertation research grant, took the habit of the Carmelites and lived in the monastery of Notre-Dames-des-Carmes. In he traveled to Paris with some of his religious brothers to study philosophy under the tutelage of the Carmelite Guillaume Prévost. The two years Bodin spent in capital city were rich in intellectual and spiritual experiences. In he studied at the respected cura dissertation research grant faculty of the University of Toulouse under the direction of Arnaud du Ferrier.
In this work Bodin included a warm dedication to his protector, Gabriel Bouvery, Bishop of Angers. Incura dissertation research grant, he published cura dissertation research grant Latin an Address to the Senate and People of Toulouse on the Education of Youth in the Commonwealth Oratio de instituenda in republica juventute ad senatum populumque Tolosatem Here Bodin praises humanism and calls for it to be taught in the public schools. According to Bodin, if humanism were included in the cultural education the youth received, the political and religious harmony of the State would be strengthened Oratio 25 :.
Cultural and religious diversity were to be avoided. These ideas remained important cura dissertation research grant throughout his life. At the beginning of the civil wars, Bodin wrote a letter to Jean Bautru of Matras, a counselor in the Parlement of Paris who was also attracted to evangelical ideas.
If religion can be considered as the grounds and cause of wars, then those wars may be like a caring doctor who cannot heal a deep-seated disease without causing great pain or provoking much moaning from the patient.
The sages of antiquity and the Christian era, he recalls, all distinguished themselves through their high morals and piety. In Bodin published Method for the Easy Comprehension of History Methodus.
In this work Bodin developed his conception of universal, historical knowledge. Bodin continually surprises readers with the wide range of his knowledge. For example in his Response to the Paradoxes of Monsieur de Malestroit Response, he explains his views on economic and financial matters.
His theses on free trade, the benefits of exportation, cura dissertation research grant, and the error of establishing the value of money through royal decree regardless of the laws of the market, were unexpected by his contemporaries.
His reputation grew along with his interest cura dissertation research grant public life and the problems of the realm. Also inhe attended the Estates of Narbonne, possibly as an envoy for the central government. Inhe became the gruyer and prosecutor for the king in a commission for the forests of Normandy.
During a debate on the ancient, royal right to collect tithes on the sale of forests, cura dissertation research grant, Bodin opposed the tithes and the sale. He considered both as forms of alienation; the king was only a common user of forests that actually belonged to the people. The Bishop and Duke of Langres, Charles des Cars, welcomed the ambassadors in a speech delivered in Latin.
Bodin immediately translated the speech into French La Harangue Bodin had known de Pibrac for many years, and Bodin later dedicated his Commonwealth to him. For example, Bodin writes République I, 8 about certain authors of slander and treatises:.
But was equally important in the history of France: after the king issued the Edict of Beaulieu Paix de Monsieur on May 6 and convened the Estates General in Blois, the wars of religion briefly subsided. The cura dissertation research grant Catholics comprised the Duke of Montmorency and other supporters of François-Hercule, the current Duke of Anjou and Alençon, as well as the Catholics who had signed the Act of Association in with a party of moderate Huguenots.
By the end of Novemberhe was received at court and sometimes dined with the king in order to cura dissertation research grant the most current events. Elected as the deputy of Vermandois, Bodin was sent officially to the Estates General of Blois. He recorded the proceedings cura dissertation research grant the meeting in his journal Recueil Bodin wanted to see an end to the religious wars.
Instead he would allow only the Catholic religion in France. At the same time, he took charge of the League or the Catholic Union.
He had to content himself for the time being as the royal prosecutor at the présidial of Laon, where he planned to retire. His studies and intellectual work increased and in he published Exposition of Universal Law Juris cura dissertation research grant, a small methodic textbook in which his theory of universal rights completes his vision of universal history that he had developed earlier in the Method.
His work on judicial and historical research received not only praise, but also criticism, often harsh, which malicious readers heaped on him. For example, Michel of La Serre published a Remonstrance au Roi sur les pernicieux discours contenus au livre de la République de Bodin in that accused Bodin of attempting to diminish the sovereignty of the king and of defending, without being explicit, the Huguenots. This was exactly the opposite of what Bodin was trying to accomplish in his published works, cura dissertation research grant.
On the other hand, the second accusation—the secretive membership in the Reformed religion—has found favor today amongst some modern biographers who attribute this membership to Bodin as a badge of honor. Bodin, knowing well that these two accusations were unfounded did not deem it necessary to respond to his slanderer, le sieur de La Serrewho in the meantime had been imprisoned on orders of the king.
Professor Andreas Franckenberger did not accept the arguments that Bodin leveled against the ideas of Sleidan and Melanchthon concerning the Old Testament book of Daniel. In his letter of dedication December 20, to Christophle de Thou, the first president of the Parlement of Paris, Bodin explains why he write the work and the meaning of its title. The work was bold and perilous for its author. This inspection brought no results due to the intervention of eight prominent citizens and two priests who registered their support of Bodin.
The death of Duke François-Hercule, the youngest brother of the king, raised dynastic problems: the presumptive heir, Henry of Navarre, was the leader of the Huguenots, and he was related to Henri III to the 22 nd degree.
There are two sorts of religious edicts that alternate during the wars: edicts of pacification and provisional tolerance, and edicts of concord and union.
First, on December 23 and 24,the leader of the Catholics, Henry of Lorraine [third Duke of Guise], and his younger brother, Louis de Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise and Archbishop of Reims, were assassinated on the orders Henry III. Finally on August 1,Jacques Clément, believing that he was killing a tyrant, assassinated the king. The reality was such that, while the parties fought to claim the throne, the kingdom was without a king and the royalist party, which included Bodin, without a leader.
During this period, Bodin, as a public figure, as the man responsible for the city of Laon, as a well-known authority on constitutional rights, and as a private citizen, cura dissertation research grant, was obligated to define publicly his political positions. The Letter by Jean Bodin in which he discuss the reasons why he became a member of the League Lettre Bodinof January 20,published in Paris, Lyons, Toulouse, and Brussels, is clearly a masterpiece of political analysis once it is properly framed within its historical context.
The work continues to be discussed and disparaged by historians and biographers of Bodin. Cura dissertation research grant would say that Bodin was forced to change his political position, but this is not the case; rather, great changes had occurred in the historical reality. In effect, the royalists and the League had had similar views regarding concord, the survival of political institutions, and the Gallic State. They disagreed however about the means to achieve their objectives, most notably how quickly to go to war against the Huguenots, the excessive power of the Duke de Guise which diminished the authority of the king and the interference of the pope and Spain.
On these points Bodin, as a loyal officer of the king, kept his distance from the League. At that time the changes were so distressing that Bodin believed it was necessary to explain publicly the new circumstances in which France and the French found themselves. Examining the general situation of the warring factions, Bodin expresses himself frankly.
He knew how to judge one of the most complex moments in French history clearly and without partisanship. By analyzing how he reaches his opinions, we can better understand his ideas. They absolutely cannot agree by speaking together. Outside of the kingdom, they were even more powerful and counted in their alliance: England, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, the four Swiss cantons, and the Protestant princes of Germany.
Unfortunately he received bad advice from those who today carry arms and who belong to the opposing party. As far as cura dissertation research grant right of succession, according to his calculations, forecasts, the study of numbers, and degrees of relationship to the thirteenth degree for the Cardinal of Bourbon, Charles, cura dissertation research grant, brother of Antoine of Bourbon—King of Navarre, father of Henry—and to the fourteenth degree for the present King of Navarre, Henry Bodin had no doubt that the Cardinal of Bourbon had a better claim than the King of Navarre.
First he writes that the King of Navarre should be reconciled with the Catholic Church, which Navarre had already announced.
Second, he should give the throne to his uncle, cura dissertation research grant, Charles de Bourbon, cura dissertation research grant, which given that Charles was sixty-seven at the time and died in Maywould have been a temporary arrangement.
Henry did not do this. Third, he should have sought an agreement between the Lorraines or the Guises and the other Catholic princes. Navarre does this before and after he is crowned Henry IV. Here we cura dissertation research grant a relatively little-known side to Bodin which nevertheless is consistent with the principles he had outlined in his Six Books of the Commonwealth.
His advice is perceptive and objective; however, historians have glossed over this fact in order to depict Bodin as a man who should have been ashamed of joining the Holy Union.
Yet Bodin was secure in his judgment, when he wrote Lettre Bodin :. Cura dissertation research grant victory of the Union would assure religious concord and the re-establishment of the institutions of the kingdom. This judicial cura dissertation research grant was intended to restore the social and political cohesion of the realm in the short term.
In cura dissertation research grant long term it was aimed at religious reunification in the one sole faith—that of the king. This was the authoritative judgment of Pierre de Beloy, the sole contemporary jurist and commentator of the Edict.
He died of the plague between June and Septemberafter having declared in his testament that he wished to be buried in the church of the Franciscans of Laon.
In his last years, Bodin occupied himself with two projects. The first, Colloquium of the Seven about Secrets of the Sublimeconcerned cura dissertation research grant essence of religion.
The work would be published long after his death Heptaplomeres The other, Theater of Universal Nature Theatrum, dealt with natural philosophy. He had just enough time to add a dedicatory letter to Jacques Mitte, Cura dissertation research grant of Miolins on March 1, cura dissertation research grant, When he began his research, Bodin was drawn to analysis and systematics as methods for organizing knowledge. According to Bodin, it is through analysis that one is able to divide universals into parts, cura dissertation research grant, and to divide each part into subsections without losing the coherence of the whole.
Therefore synthesis, he states, is no longer necessary because the individual episodes of nearly all historical accounts are already well adapted to each othercura dissertation research grant, and the best historians have carefully reconstructed these partial and regional accounts into the tableau of universal history. Bodin writes Methodus [Me] :. Bodin ascribes a unique role to political knowledge, thereby distinguishing his writings from many similar treatments of the ars historica which were published at the end of the fifteenth century.
Although he does not cite Bauduin, Bodin was indebted to this French author who was the first to describe in a scientific manner the multiple connections between law and universal history. The chapter headings include:. For Bodin, methodologies were visual representations of systems of knowledge.
If history is divided into divine history, natural history, and human history, then law can be divided into natural law, human law, the laws of nations, public law, cura dissertation research grant civil law.
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